# Tutorial: Hello World with Apache Ant

This document provides a step by step tutorial for starting Java programming with Apache Ant. It does not contain deeper knowledge about Java or Ant. This tutorial has the goal to let you see, how to do the easiest steps in Ant.

## Content

- Preparing the project
- Four steps to a running application
- Enhance the build file
- Using external libraries
- Resources

## Preparing the project

We want to separate the source from the generated files, so our Java source files will be in `src` folder. All generated files should be under `build`, and there split into several subdirectories for the individual steps: `classes` for our compiled files and `jar` for our own JAR-file.

We have to create only the `src` directory. (Because I am working on Windows, here is the Windows syntax—translate to your shell):

    md src

The following simple Java class just prints a fixed message out to STDOUT, so just write this code into `src\oata\HelloWorld.java`.

    package oata;

    public class HelloWorld {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            System.out.println("Hello World");
        }
    }

Now just try to compile and run that:

    md build\classes
    javac -sourcepath src -d build\classes src\oata\HelloWorld.java
    java -cp build\classes oata.HelloWorld

which will result in

    Hello World

Creating a jar-file is not very difficult. But creating a startable jar-file needs more steps: create a manifest-file containing the start class, creating the target directory and archiving the files.

    echo Main-Class: oata.HelloWorld>myManifest
    md build\jar
    jar cfm build\jar\HelloWorld.jar myManifest -C build\classes .
    java -jar build\jar\HelloWorld.jar

Note: Do not have blanks around the >-sign in the `echo Main-Class` instruction because it would falsify it!

## Four steps to a running application

After finishing the Java-only step we have to think about our build process. We have to compile our code, otherwise we couldn't start the program. Oh—start—yes, we could provide a target for that. We should package our application. Now it's only one class—but if you want to provide a download, no one would download several hundreds files ... (think about a complex Swing GUI—so let us create a jar file. A startable jar file would be nice ... And it's a good practise to have a clean target, which deletes all the generated stuff. Many failures could be solved just by a "clean build".

By default Ant uses `build.xml` as the name for a buildfile, so our `.\build.xml` would be:

    <project>

        <target name="clean">
            <delete dir="build"/>
        </target>

        <target name="compile">
            <mkdir dir="build/classes"/>
            <javac srcdir="src" destdir="build/classes"/>
        </target>

        <target name="jar">
            <mkdir dir="build/jar"/>
            <jar destfile="build/jar/HelloWorld.jar" basedir="build/classes">
                <manifest>
                    <attribute name="Main-Class" value="oata.HelloWorld"/>
                </manifest>
            </jar>
        </target>

        <target name="run">
            <java jar="build/jar/HelloWorld.jar" fork="true"/>
        </target>

    </project>

Now you can compile, package and run the application via

    ant compile
    ant jar
    ant run

Or shorter with

    ant compile jar run

While having a look at the buildfile, we will see some similar steps between Ant and the Java-only commands:

Java-only | Ant
--- | ---

    md build\classes
    javac
        -sourcepath src
        -d build\classes
        src\oata\HelloWorld.java
    echo Main-Class: oata.HelloWorld>mf
    md build\jar
    jar cfm
        build\jar\HelloWorld.jar
        mf
        -C build\classes
        .

    java -jar build\jar\HelloWorld.jar

    <mkdir dir="build/classes"/>
    <javac
        srcdir="src"
        destdir="build/classes"/>
    <!-- automatically detected -->
    <!-- obsolete; done via manifest tag -->
    <mkdir dir="build/jar"/>
    <jar
        destfile="build/jar/HelloWorld.jar"

        basedir="build/classes">
        <manifest>
            <attribute name="Main-Class" value="oata.HelloWorld"/>
        </manifest>
    </jar>
    <java jar="build/jar/HelloWorld.jar" fork="true"/>

## Enhance the build file

Now that we have a working buildfile, we could do some enhancements: many times you are referencing the same directories, main-class and jar-name are hardcoded, and while invoking you have to remember the right order of build steps.

The first and second point would be addressed with properties, the third with a special property—an attribute of the `<project>` tag and the fourth problem can be solved using dependencies.

    <project name="HelloWorld" basedir="." default="main">

        <property name="src.dir"     value="src"/>

        <property name="build.dir"   value="build"/>
        <property name="classes.dir" value="${build.dir}/classes"/>
        <property name="jar.dir"     value="${build.dir}/jar"/>

        <property name="main-class"  value="oata.HelloWorld"/>

        <target name="clean">
            <delete dir="${build.dir}"/>
        </target>

        <target name="compile">
            <mkdir dir="${classes.dir}"/>
            <javac srcdir="${src.dir}" destdir="${classes.dir}"/>
        </target>

        <target name="jar" depends="compile">
            <mkdir dir="${jar.dir}"/>
            <jar destfile="${jar.dir}/${ant.project.name}.jar" basedir="${classes.dir}">
                <manifest>
                    <attribute name="Main-Class" value="${main-class}"/>
                </manifest>
            </jar>
        </target>

        <target name="run" depends="jar">
            <java jar="${jar.dir}/${ant.project.name}.jar" fork="true"/>
        </target>

        <target name="clean-build" depends="clean,jar"/>

        <target name="main" depends="clean,run"/>

    </project>

Now it's easier, just do a `ant` and you will get

    Buildfile: build.xml

    clean:

    compile:
        [mkdir] Created dir: C:\...\build\classes
        [javac] Compiling 1 source file to C:\...\build\classes

    jar:
        [mkdir] Created dir: C:\...\build\jar
          [jar] Building jar: C:\...\build\jar\HelloWorld.jar

    run:
         [java] Hello World

    main:

    BUILD SUCCESSFUL

## Using external libraries

Somebody told us not to use `System`-statements. For output, we should use a Logging API—customizable to a high degree (including switching off during usual life (= not development) execution). We use Log4J for that, because

- it is not part of the JDK (1.4+) and we want to show how to use external libs
- it can run under JDK 1.2 (as Ant)
- it's highly configurable
- it's from Apache ;-)

We store our external libraries in a new directory `lib`. Log4J can be downloaded [1] from Logging's Homepage. Create the `lib` directory and extract the `log4j-1.2.17.jar` into that directory. After that we have to modify our Java source file to use that library and our buildfile so that this library could be accessed during compilation and run.

Working with Log4J is documented inside its manual. Here we use the `MyApp`-example from the Short Manual [2]. First we have to modify the java source to use the logging framework:

    package oata;

    import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
    import org.apache.log4j.BasicConfigurator;

    public class HelloWorld {
        static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(HelloWorld.class);

        public static void main(String[] args) {
            BasicConfigurator.configure();
            logger.info("Hello World");          // the old SysO-statement
        }
    }

Most of the modifications are "framework overhead" which has to be done once. The blue line is our "old System-out" statement.

Don't try to run `ant`—you will only get lot of compiler errors. Log4J is not on the classpath so we have to do a little work here. But do not change the `CLASSPATH` environment variable! This is only for this project and maybe you would break other environments (this is one of the most famous mistakes when working with Ant). We introduce Log4J (or to be more precise: all libraries (jar-files) which are somewhere under `.\lib`) into our buildfile:

    <project name="HelloWorld" basedir="." default="main">
        ...
        <property name="lib.dir"     value="lib"/>

        <path id="classpath">
            <fileset dir="${lib.dir}" includes="**/*.jar"/>
        </path>

        ...

        <target name="compile">
            <mkdir dir="${classes.dir}"/>
            <javac srcdir="${src.dir}" destdir="${classes.dir}" classpathref="classpath"/>
        </target>

        <target name="run" depends="jar">
            <java fork="true" classname="${main-class}">
                <classpath>
                    <path refid="classpath"/>
                    <path location="${jar.dir}/${ant.project.name}.jar"/>
                </classpath>
            </java>
        </target>

        ...

    </project>

In this example we start our application not via its `Main-Class` manifest-attribute, because we could not provide a jar-name and a classpath. So add our class in the red line to the already defined path and start as usual. Running `ant` would give (after the usual compile stuff):

    [java] 0 [main] INFO oata.HelloWorld  - Hello World

What's that?

- `[java]` Ant task running at the moment
- `0` sorry, don't know—some Log4J stuff
- `[main]` the running thread from our application
- `INFO` log level of that statement
- `oata.HelloWorld` source of that statement
- `-` separator
- `Hello World` the message

For another layout ... have a look inside Log4J's documentation about using other PatternLayouts.

## Configuration files

Why we have used Log4J? "It's highly configurable"? No—all is hardcoded! But that is not the fault of Log4J—it's ours. We had coded `BasicConfigurator.configure();` which implies a simple, but hardcoded configuration. More comfortable would be using a property file. In the Java source file, delete the `BasicConfiguration` line from the `main()` method (and the related `import` statement). Log4J will search then for a configuration as described in its manual. Then create a new file `src/log4j.properties`. That's the default name for Log4J's configuration and using that name would make life easier—not only the framework knows what is inside, you too!

    log4j.rootLogger=DEBUG, stdout

    log4j.appender.stdout=org.apache.log4j.ConsoleAppender

    log4j.appender.stdout.layout=org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout
    log4j.appender.stdout.layout.ConversionPattern=%m%n

This configuration creates an output channel (Appender) to console named as `stdout` which prints the message (%m) followed by a line feed (%n)—same as the earlier `System.out.println()` :-) Oooh kay—but we haven't finished yet. We should deliver the configuration file, too. So we change the buildfile:

        ...
        <target name="compile">
            <mkdir dir="${classes.dir}"/>
            <javac srcdir="${src.dir}" destdir="${classes.dir}" classpathref="classpath"/>
            <copy todir="${classes.dir}">
                <fileset dir="${src.dir}" excludes="**/*.java"/>
            </copy>
        </target>
        ...

This copies all resources (as long as they haven't the suffix `.java`) to the build directory, so we could start the application from that directory and these files will included into the jar.

## Testing the class

In this step we will introduce the usage of the JUnit [3] test framework in combination with Ant. Because Ant has a built-in JUnit 4.12 you could start directly using it. Write a test class in `src\oata\HelloWorldTest.java`:

    package oata;

    import org.junit.Test;

    import static org.junit.Assert.fail;

    public class HelloWorldTest {

        @Test
        public void testNothing() {
        }

        @Test
        public void testWillAlwaysFail() {
            fail("An error message");
        }

    }

Because we don't have real business logic to test, this test class is very small: just showing how to start. For further information see the JUnit documentation [3] and the manual of junit task. Now we add a `junit` instruction to our buildfile:

        ...

        <path id="application" location="${jar.dir}/${ant.project.name}.jar"/>

        <target name="run" depends="jar">
            <java fork="true" classname="${main-class}">
                <classpath>
                    <path refid="classpath"/>
                    <path refid="application"/>
                </classpath>
            </java>
        </target>

        <target name="junit" depends="jar">
            <junit printsummary="yes">
                <classpath>
                    <path refid="classpath"/>
                    <path refid="application"/>
                </classpath>

                <batchtest fork="yes">
                    <fileset dir="${src.dir}" includes="**/*Test.java"/>
                </batchtest>
            </junit>
        </target>

        ...

We reuse the path to our own jar file as defined in run-target by giving it an id and making it globally available. The printsummary=yes lets us see more detailed information than just a "FAILED" or "PASSED" message. How much tests failed? Some errors? printsummary lets us know. The classpath is set up to find our classes. To run tests the `batchtest` here is used, so you could easily add more test classes in the future just by naming them `*Test.java`. This is a common naming scheme.

After a `ant junit` you'll get:

    ...
    junit:
        [junit] Running oata.HelloWorldTest
        [junit] Tests run: 2, Failures: 1, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0,01 sec
        [junit] Test oata.HelloWorldTest FAILED

    BUILD SUCCESSFUL
    ...

We can also produce a report. Something that you (and others) could read after closing the shell ... There are two steps: 1. let `<junit>` log the information and 2. convert these log files to something readable (browsable).

        ...
        <property name="report.dir"  value="${build.dir}/junitreport"/>
        ...
        <target name="junit" depends="jar">
            <mkdir dir="${report.dir}"/>
            <junit printsummary="yes">
                <classpath>
                    <path refid="classpath"/>
                    <path refid="application"/>
                </classpath>

                <formatter type="xml"/>

                <batchtest fork="yes" todir="${report.dir}">
                    <fileset dir="${src.dir}" includes="**/*Test.java"/>
                </batchtest>
            </junit>
        </target>

        <target name="junitreport">
            <junitreport todir="${report.dir}">
                <fileset dir="${report.dir}" includes="TEST-*.xml"/>
                <report todir="${report.dir}"/>
            </junitreport>
        </target>

Because we would produce a lot of files and these files would be written to the current directory by default, we define a report directory, create it before running the junit and redirect the logging to it. The log format is XML so junitreport could parse it. In a second target junitreport should create a browsable HTML report for all generated XML log files in the report directory. Now you can open the `${report.dir}\index.html` and see the result (looks something like JavaDoc).
Personally I use two different targets for `<junit>` and `<junitreport>`. Generating the HTML report needs some time and you don't need the HTML report just for testing, e.g. if you are fixing an error or a integration server is doing a job.

## Resources

1. https://archive.apache.org/dist/logging/log4j/1.2.17/log4j-1.2.17.zip
2. https://logging.apache.org/log4j/1.2/manual.html
3. https://junit.org/junit4