PostgreSQL 9.6.9 Documentation
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# VII. Internals

This part contains assorted information that might be of use to PostgreSQL developers.

Table of Contents
49. Overview of PostgreSQL Internals
  49.1. The Path of a Query
  49.2. How Connections are Established
  49.3. The Parser Stage
  49.4. The PostgreSQL Rule System
  49.5. Planner/Optimizer
  49.6. Executor
50. System Catalogs
  50.1. Overview
  50.2. `pg_aggregate`
  50.3. `pg_am`
  50.4. `pg_amop`
  50.5. `pg_amproc`
  50.6. `pg_attrdef`
  50.7. `pg_attribute`
  50.8. `pg_authid`
  50.9. `pg_auth_members`
  50.10. `pg_cast`
  50.11. `pg_class`
  50.12. `pg_collation`
  50.13. `pg_constraint`
  50.14. `pg_conversion`
  50.15. `pg_database`
  50.16. `pg_db_role_setting`
  50.17. `pg_default_acl`
  50.18. `pg_depend`
  50.19. `pg_description`
  50.20. `pg_enum`
  50.21. `pg_event_trigger`
  50.22. `pg_extension`
  50.23. `pg_foreign_data_wrapper`
  50.24. `pg_foreign_server`
  50.25. `pg_foreign_table`
  50.26. `pg_index`
  50.27. `pg_inherits`
  50.28. `pg_init_privs`
  50.29. `pg_language`
  50.30. `pg_largeobject`
  50.31. `pg_largeobject_metadata`
  50.32. `pg_namespace`
  50.33. `pg_opclass`
  50.34. `pg_operator`
  50.35. `pg_opfamily`
  50.36. `pg_pltemplate`
  50.37. `pg_policy`
  50.38. `pg_proc`
  50.39. `pg_range`
  50.40. `pg_replication_origin`
  50.41. `pg_rewrite`
  50.42. `pg_seclabel`
  50.43. `pg_shdepend`
  50.44. `pg_shdescription`
  50.45. `pg_shseclabel`
  50.46. `pg_statistic`
  50.47. `pg_tablespace`
  50.48. `pg_transform`
  50.49. `pg_trigger`
  50.50. `pg_ts_config`
  50.51. `pg_ts_config_map`
  50.52. `pg_ts_dict`
  50.53. `pg_ts_parser`
  50.54. `pg_ts_template`
  50.55. `pg_type`
  50.56. `pg_user_mapping`
  50.57. System Views
  50.58. `pg_available_extensions`
  50.59. `pg_available_extension_versions`
  50.60. `pg_config`
  50.61. `pg_cursors`
  50.62. `pg_file_settings`
  50.63. `pg_group`
  50.64. `pg_indexes`
  50.65. `pg_locks`
  50.66. `pg_matviews`
  50.67. `pg_policies`
  50.68. `pg_prepared_statements`
  50.69. `pg_prepared_xacts`
  50.70. `pg_replication_origin_status`
  50.71. `pg_replication_slots`
  50.72. `pg_roles`
  50.73. `pg_rules`
  50.74. `pg_seclabels`
  50.75. `pg_settings`
  50.76. `pg_shadow`
  50.77. `pg_stats`
  50.78. `pg_tables`
  50.79. `pg_timezone_abbrevs`
  50.80. `pg_timezone_names`
  50.81. `pg_user`
  50.82. `pg_user_mappings`
  50.83. `pg_views`
51. Frontend/Backend Protocol
  51.1. Overview
  51.2. Message Flow
  51.3. Streaming Replication Protocol
  51.4. Message Data Types
  51.5. Message Formats
  51.6. Error and Notice Message Fields
  51.7. Summary of Changes since Protocol 2.0
52. PostgreSQL Coding Conventions
  52.1. Formatting
  52.2. Reporting Errors Within the Server
  52.3. Error Message Style Guide
  52.4. Miscellaneous Coding Conventions
53. Native Language Support
  53.1. For the Translator
  53.2. For the Programmer
54. Writing A Procedural Language Handler
55. Writing A Foreign Data Wrapper
  55.1. Foreign Data Wrapper Functions
  55.2. Foreign Data Wrapper Callback Routines
  55.3. Foreign Data Wrapper Helper Functions
  55.4. Foreign Data Wrapper Query Planning
  55.5. Row Locking in Foreign Data Wrappers
56. Writing A Table Sampling Method
  56.1. Sampling Method Support Functions
57. Writing A Custom Scan Provider
  57.1. Creating Custom Scan Paths
  57.2. Creating Custom Scan Plans
  57.3. Executing Custom Scans
58. Genetic Query Optimizer
  58.1. Query Handling as a Complex Optimization Problem
  58.2. Genetic Algorithms
  58.3. Genetic Query Optimization (GEQO) in PostgreSQL
  58.4. Further Reading
59. Index Access Method Interface Definition
  59.1. Basic API Structure for Indexes
  59.2. Index Access Method Functions
  59.3. Index Scanning
  59.4. Index Locking Considerations
  59.5. Index Uniqueness Checks
  59.6. Index Cost Estimation Functions
60. Generic WAL Records
61. GiST Indexes
  61.1. Introduction
  61.2. Built-in Operator Classes
  61.3. Extensibility
  61.4. Implementation
  61.5. Examples
62. SP-GiST Indexes
  62.1. Introduction
  62.2. Built-in Operator Classes
  62.3. Extensibility
  62.4. Implementation
  62.5. Examples
63. GIN Indexes
  63.1. Introduction
  63.2. Built-in Operator Classes
  63.3. Extensibility
  63.4. Implementation
  63.5. GIN Tips and Tricks
  63.6. Limitations
  63.7. Examples
64. BRIN Indexes
  64.1. Introduction
  64.2. Built-in Operator Classes
  64.3. Extensibility
65. Database Physical Storage
  65.1. Database File Layout
  65.2. TOAST
  65.3. Free Space Map
  65.4. Visibility Map
  65.5. The Initialization Fork
  65.6. Database Page Layout
66. BKI Backend Interface
  66.1. BKI File Format
  66.2. BKI Commands
  66.3. Structure of the Bootstrap BKI File
  66.4. Example
67. How the Planner Uses Statistics
  67.1. Row Estimation Examples
  67.2. Planner Statistics and Security

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